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Pneumatics is study of mechanical motion caused by pressurized gases and how this motion can be used to perform engineering tasks. Pneumatics is used mainly in mining and general construction works. Pneumatic devices are used frequently in the dentistry industry across the world. On the other hand, hydraulics means use of pressurized fluids to execute a mechanical task. Hydraulics is frequently used in the concepts of turbines, dams, and rivers. Air brakes in buses, air compressors, compressed air engines, jackhammers, and vacuum pumps are some of the most commonly used types of mechanical equipment that are based on pneumatics technology. Commonly seen hydraulics based equipment types are hydraulic presses, hydraulic hoppers, hydraulic cylinders, and hydraulic rams. In the subsequent sections of this article, you will learn how a pneumatic system works, what its best features are, and its major advantages over hydraulic systems.

Operation of a Pneumatic System

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The hydraulic pump is used to force the fluid from the reservoir to rest of the hydraulic circuit by converting mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Valves are used to control the direction, pressure and flow rate of a fluid flowing through the circuit. . Hydraulic ( Pilot ) actuation. Pneumatic actuation. Indirect actuation The designation of the directional control valve refers to the number of working ports and the number of switching positions. Thus a valve with 2 service ports and 2 switching positions is designated as 2 / 2 way valve. 2 /2 valve symbol. Sign-up now for our HPS Newsletter. We will keep you updated on the latest industry updates, trends and changes. Hydraulic and pneumatic describe a method of transmitting power from one place to another through the use of a liquid or a gas. Certain physical laws or principles apply to all liquids and gases. This chapter covers the basic principles associated with hydraulics and pneumatics, followed by coverage of various system components. PDF Hydraulics and Pneumatics By Andrew Parr Free Download. Hydraulics and Pneumatics By Andrew Parr – Nearly all industrial processes require objects to be moved, manipulated or subjected to some sort of force. This is frequently accomplished by means of electrical equipment (such as motors or solenoids). Pneumatic, hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical actuation systems Sensors Actuator Sensing signal Command Signal Microprocessor or Microcontroller PLANT (Robot, Autonomous Guided vehicle, Numerical Controlled Machine, Vehicle engines, Consumer products, Conveyor systems, Assembly systems, Cranes, Defense equipments, Air craft engines, Other machines. Pneumatic systems use a compressible gas, hydraulic systems an incompressible liquid, and this leads to some significant differences. Pressure in a hydraulic system can be quickly and easily controlled by devices such as unloading and pressure-regulating valves.

In order to affect mechanical motion, pneumatics employs compression of gases, based on the working principles of fluid dynamics in the concept of pressure. Any equipment employing pneumatics uses an interconnecting set of components: a pneumatic circuit consisting of active components such as gas compressor, transition lines, air tanks, hoses, open atmosphere, and passive components. Compressed air is supplied by the compressor and is transmitted through a series of hoses. Air flows are regulated by valves and the pneumatic cylinder transfers the energy provided by the compressed gas to mechanical energy. Aside from compressed air, inert gases are also applied particularly for self-contained systems. Pneumatics is applied in a wide range in industries, even in mining and dentistry. The majority of industries use gas pressures of about 80 to 100 pounds per square inch.

Over pneumatics, hydraulics is capable of moving heavier loads and having greater force, and since its working fluids are incompressible, it

has minimum spring actions. But at the same time pneumatics are cleaner; the system uses no return lines and gases are exhausted to the atmosphere. Thus leaks will be of less concern since the working fluid of pneumatics is air, unlike oil in hydraulics. Its working fluid is also widely available and most factories are pre-plumbed for compressed air distribution, hence pneumatic equipment is easier to set-up. To control the system, only ON and OFF are used and the system consists only of standard cylinders and other components, making it simpler than hydraulics. Pneumatic systems require low maintenance and have long operating lives. Lastly the working fluid of the pneumatic system absorbs excessive force, leading to less frequent damage to equipment. Compressible gases are also easy to store and safer; no fire hazard is presented and machines could be made to be overload safe.

Advantages of Pneumatics over Hydraulics

Like hydraulics, pneumatics is a type of fluid power application where instead of an incompressible liquid, pneumatics employ gas in their system. Hydraulics present certain advantages over pneumatics, but in a given application, pneumatic powered equipment is more suitable, particularly in industries where the factory units are plumbed for compressed air.

The air used in pneumatic devices is dried and free from moisture so that it does not create any problem to the internal parts of the system. Moreover, to avoid corrosive actions, oil or lubricants are added so that friction effects can be reduced. Compressed air is used in most of the machines and in some cases compressed carbon dioxide is used. As most of the pneumatic devices are air based, they have a less complicated design and can be made of inexpensive material. Mass production techniques can be adopted to produce pneumatic systems, which not only save money but save time too.

Other major advantages are listed below.

1. Initial cost is less; hydraulics equipment cost as much as twice the price of pneumatic equipment.
2. A pneumatic water treatment automation system reduces the costs of installation and operation compared with conventional electrical installations. For opening and closing of underwater valves, pneumatic systems work well because they can sustain overload pressure conditions.
3. Pneumatic actuators also have long life and perform well with negligible maintenance requirement throughout their life cycle.
4. Very suitable for power transmission when distance of transmission is more.

The major disadvantage of pneumatic systems is that they cannot be employed for tasks that require working under high pressures. However, modern technology is working on finding better solutions to this address this problem so that heavy engineering tasks can be executed using pneumatic devices. In a nutshell, in order to execute low scale engineering and mechanical tasks, pneumatic devices would be the best suited and a viable alternative over hydraulic systems.

References

• Pneumatics, University of Waterloo (pdf)
• Image: Pneumatic Drill, Wikicommons under public domain
• Pneumatic Systems, Green River Community College (pdf)

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Pneumatic systems are mechanical systems that use compressed gasses. They are similar to hydraulic systems, which are mechanical systems that use liquids in the transfer of forces. Pneumatic systems are almost everywhere in the modern world. Dentists use pneumatics to operate drills, carpenters use pneumatics to power air hammers, truckers use pneumatic brakes and NASA uses pneumatics to control the operation of satellite launch vehicles.

Basic Principles

A pneumatic definition would state that a pneumatic system is basically a method to turn electricity into mechanical motion using compressed gasses instead of motors or electromagnets. For many applications, this is much more efficient and practical. Systems typically include an air compressor, which stores compressed air in a cylinder and releases the compressed air under electric control. The compressed gas is almost always ordinary air because it is free and non- toxic. Often the air is slightly modified by taking out some of the water vapor and adding a small amount of atomized oil to make the gas more machine friendly.

Applications of Pneumatic Power

Pneumatics systems are widely used for power tools. The power tool that an automobile mechanic uses to take the lug nuts that hold a tire onto the hub is one example. The mechanic can easily take off even the toughest nuts in just a few seconds. There are dozens of other pneumatic power tools in dentistry, carpentry, machine shops and laboratories. Other applications include jackhammers, the cylinder delivery systems used by some banks and various launchers and guns designed to propel objects. One interesting application is a new French automobile that runs on compressed air. Electricity is used overnight to compress air into an on-board cylinder and the car runs all day with no fuel and no pollution emissions.

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Pneumatic vs. Hydraulic

Hydraulic systems usually use oil as the control fluid. Hydraulic systems have the advantage that they can handle bigger loads, and the disadvantage is that if there is a leak it causes a big mess and is expensive to fix. A leak in a pneumatic system means that you vent ordinary air, which can be replaced for free when the leak is fixed. Pneumatic systems are preferred when there must be a certain amount of 'give' or 'play' in the system (gasses are compressible). Hydraulic systems are preferred when high pressures must be maintained with no fluctuation.

High-Tech Applications

Pneumatic power is not a dying technology--far from it. There are at least two high-tech applications of pneumatics that have a place in our technological future: McKibbens and pneumatic logic systems. McKibbins are sometimes called 'artificial muscles.' They are inflatable rubber tubes surrounded by a wire mesh. When inflated they contract and then elongate when deflated. They are currently being used to power robotic arms and legs. Pneumatic logic is the use of complex channels for fluids that act like simple computer circuits. Pneumatic logic systems have many advantages over electronic systems such as the fact that radiation does not interfere with them. These systems are currently being used by NASA to control rocket-stage separation.

• pressure gauge image by Warren Millar from Fotolia.com