4.25Operators

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. Prolog Manager: At least one installation of Prolog Manager 9 and above FEATURE ADVANTAGE Cost Allocation. Allocate costs using bell-curve, frontloaded, back-loaded, linear algorithms or manual plug input Track and monitor distribution of dollars over time. Graphical comparison of actual vs. Forecast cash.

Operators are defined to improve the readability of source code. For example, without operators, to write 2*3+4*5 one would have to write +(*(2,3),*(4,5)). In Prolog, a number of operators have been predefined. All operators, except for the comma (,) can be redefined by the user.

Some care has to be taken before defining new operators. Defining too many operators might make your source `natural' looking, but at the same time using many operators can make it hard to understand the limits of your syntax.

Prolog A Tutorial Introduction James Lu Jerud J. Mead Computer Science Department Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA 17387 1. Prolog is the major example of a fourth generation programming language supporting the declarative programming paradigm. The Japanese Fifth-Generation Computer Project, announced in 1981, adopted Prolog as a development language, and thereby focused considerable attention on the language and its capabilities. Construction Manager is selected and contract information is entered into Prolog Manager by the Project Manager. Construction Manager utilizes Prolog Converge to enter project data. General Contractoris selected and Prolog Manager by the Project Manager. Construction Phase Begins. Prolog Converge® Administration Client User Manual 1 1 Overview of Prolog Converge Administration The Prolog Converge® application has been designed to be as flexible as possible, giving the administrator the ability to configure the system in a countless number of ways. Specific project information is entered in Prolog Manager by the Project Manager. This includes the project address, SOW, ward, GSF, PM estimate, LEED information and any historical data available. The baseline project schedule is created and uploaded into Prolog Manager from.

In SWI-Prolog, operators are local to the module in which they are defined. Operators can be exported from modules using a termop(Precedence, Type, Name) in the export list as specified bymodule/2. Many modern Prolog systems have module specific operators. Unfortunately, there is no established interface for exporting and importing operators. SWI-Prolog's convention has been addopted by YAP.

The module table of the module user acts as default table for all modules and can be modified explicitly from inside a module to achieve compatibility with other Prolog that do not have module-local operators:

Although operators are module-specific and the predicates that define them (op/3) or rely on them such as current_op/3, read/1 and write/1 are module sensitive, they are not proper meta-predicates. If they were proper meta predicates read/1 and write/1 would use the module from which they are called, breaking compatibility with other Prolog systems. The following rules apply:

1. If the module is explicitly specified by qualifying the third argument (op/3, current_op/3) or specifying amodule(Module) option (read_term/3, write_term/3), this module is used.
2. While compiling, the module into which the compiled code is loaded applies.
3. Otherwise, the typein module applies. This is normally user and may be changed using module/1.

In SWI-Prolog, a quoted atom never acts as an operator. Note that the portable way to stop an atom acting as an operator is to enclose it in parentheses like this: (myop). See alsosection 5.3.1.

[ISO]op(+Precedence, +Type, :Name)

Declare Name to be an operator of type Type with precedencePrecedence. Name can also be a list of names, in which case all elements of the list are declared to be identical operators.Precedence is an integer between 0 and 1200. Precedence 0 removes the declaration. Type is one of: xf, yf,xfx, xfy, yfx, fy orfx. The `f' indicates the position of the functor, while

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x and y indicate the position of the arguments. `y' should be interpreted as ``on this position a term with precedence lower or equal to the precedence of the functor should occur'. For `x' the precedence of the argument must be strictly lower. The precedence of a term is 0, unless its principal functor is an operator, in which case the precedence is the precedence of this operator. A term enclosed in parentheses

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( .. ) has precedence 0.

The predefined operators are shown in table 5. Operators can be redefined, unless prohibited by one of the limitations below. Applications must be careful with (re-)defining operators because changing operators may cause (other) files to be interpreteddifferently. Often this will lead to a syntax error. In other cases, text is read silently into a different term which may lead to subtle and difficult to track errors.

• It is not allowed to redefine the comma (',').
• The bar () can only be (re-)defined as infix operator with priority not less than 1001.
• It is not allowed to define the empty list ([]) or the curly-bracket pair ({}) as operators.

In SWI-Prolog, operators are local to a module (see alsosection 6.8). Keeping operators in modules and using controlled import/export of operators as described with the module/2 directive keep the issues manageable. The module system provides the operators from table 5 and these operators cannot be modified. Files that are loaded from the SWI-Prolog directories resolve operators and predicates from this system module rather than user, which makes the semantics of the library and development system modules independent of operator changes to the user module. See section 4.25 for details about the relation between operators and modules.

1200	xfx	-->, :-
1200	fx	:-, ?-
1150	fx	dynamic, discontiguous, initialization,meta_predicate,module_transparent, multifile, public,thread_local, thread_initialization, volatile
1100	xfy	;,
1050	xfy	->, *->
1000	xfy	,
990	xfx	:=
900	fy	+
700	xfx	<, =, =., =@=, =@=,=:=, =<, ,==, >, >=, @<, @=<, @>,@>=, =, , as, is,>:<, :<
600	xfy	:
500	yfx	+, -, /, /, xor
500	fx	?
400	yfx	*, /, //, div, rdiv,<<, >>, mod, rem
200	xfx	**
200	xfy	^
200	fy	+, -,
100	yfx	.
1	fx	$

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[ISO]current_op(?Precedence, ?Type, ?:Name)

True if Name is currently defined as an operator of type Type with precedence Precedence. See also op/3. Note that anunqualifiedName does not resolve to the calling context but, when compiling, to the compiler's target module and otherwise to the typein module. Seesection 4.25 for details.

Learn Prolog Now! is an introductory course to programming in Prolog. The online version has been available since 2001, and now there is also a throughly revised version available in book form.

We wanted to do two things with this course. First, we wanted to provide a text that was relatively self contained, a text that would permit someone with little or no knowledge of computing to pick up the basics of Prolog with the minimum of fuss. We also wanted the text to be clear enough to make it useful for self study. We believe that if you read the text, and do the associated exercises, you will gain a useful partial entry to the world of Prolog.

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But only a partial entry, and this brings us to our second point. We want to emphasize the practical aspects of Prolog. Prolog is something you do. You can't learn a programming language simply by reading about it, and if you really want to get the most out of this course, we strongly advise you to get hold of a Prolog interpreter (you'll find pointers to some nice ones on this website) and work through all the Practical Sessions that we provide. And of course, don't stop with what we provide. The more you program, the better you'll get..

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We hope you enjoy the course. And whether you're using this book to teach yourself Prolog, or you're using it as the basis for teaching others, we would like to hear from you. Please send us any comments/corrections you have so that we can take them into account in later versions.